DEA Surface Reflectance (Landsat 5 TM)

Version:: 3.0.0
Type:: Baseline, Raster
Resolution:: 30 m
Coverage:: 16 Aug 1986 to 17 Nov 2011
Data updates:: No further updates (Previously: Daily frequency)

../../../_images/surface_reflectance_2_NBARTa.png

Overview

About

DEA Surface Reflectance (Landsat 5 TM) is part of a suite of Digital Earth Australia (DEA)’s Surface Reflectance datasets that represent the vast archive of images captured by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat and European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 satellite programs, validated, calibrated, and adjusted for Australian conditions — ready for easy analysis.

Access the data

For help accessing the data, see the Access tab.

See it on a map

DEA Maps

Explore data availability

DEA Explorer

Access the data on AWS

Data sources

Access the data on NCI

Data sources

View code examples

Code examples

Key specifications

For more specifications, see the Specifications tab.

Technical name	Geoscience Australia Landsat 5 TM Analysis Ready Data Collection 3
Bands	20 bands of data (nbart_blue, nbart_green, and more)
Catalogue ID	130853
Collection	Geoscience Australia Landsat Collection 3
Tags	geoscience_australia_landsat_collection_3, analysis_ready_data, satellite_images, earth_observation
Licence	Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence

Cite this product

Data citation

Fuqin, Li., Jupp, D.L.B., Sixsmith, J., Wang, L., Dorj, P., Vincent, A., Alam, I., Hooke, J., Oliver, S., Thankappan, M., 2019. GA Landsat 5 TM Analysis Ready Data Collection 3. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/130853

Publications

Li, F., Jupp, D. L. B., Reddy, S., Lymburner, L., Mueller, N., Tan, P., & Islam, A. (2010). An evaluation of the use of atmospheric and BRDF correction to standardize Landsat data. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 3(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2042281
Li, F., Jupp, D. L. B., Thankappan, M., Lymburner, L., Mueller, N., Lewis, A., & Held, A. (2012). A physics-based atmospheric and BRDF correction for Landsat data over mountainous terrain. Remote Sensing of Environment, 124, 756–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.018

Description

Background

The United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) Landsat satellite program has been capturing images of the Australian continent for more than 30 years. This data is highly useful for land and coastal mapping studies.

In particular, the light reflected from the Earth’s surface (surface reflectance) is important for monitoring environmental resources – such as agricultural production and mining activities – over time.

We need to make accurate comparisons of imagery acquired at different times, seasons and geographic locations. However, inconsistencies can arise due to variations in atmospheric conditions, sun position, sensor view angle, surface slope and surface aspect. These need to be reduced or removed to ensure the data is consistent and can be compared over time.

What this product offers

This product takes Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery captured over the Australian continent and corrects for inconsistencies across land and coastal fringes. The result is accurate and standardised surface reflectance data, which is instrumental in identifying and quantifying environmental change.

This product is a single, cohesive Analysis Ready Data (ARD) package, which allows you to analyse surface reflectance data as is, without the need to apply additional corrections.

It contains three sub-products that provide corrections or attribution information:

The resolution is a 30 m grid based on the USGS Landsat Collection 1 archive.

Applications

The development of derivative products to monitor land, inland waterways and coastal features, such as:
- urban growth
- coastal habitats
- mining activities
- agricultural activity (e.g. pastoral, irrigated cropping, rain-fed cropping)
- water extent
The development of refined information products, such as:
- area/units of detected surface water
- area/units of deforestation
- yield predictions of agricultural parcels
Compliance surveys
Emergency management

Technical information

The Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor

The TM is an advanced, multispectral scanning, Earth resources sensor which is designed to categorise the Earth’s surface. It is particularly useful for agricultural applications and identification of land use.

The Analysis Ready Data concept

The Analysis Ready Data (ARD) package allows you to get up and running with your analysis as quickly as possible with minimal data preparation and additional input. This makes it simpler for you to develop applications and for the database to execute queries.

The satellite data has been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organised into a form that allows immediate analysis and interoperability through time and with other datasets. It has been adapted from CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CARD4L).

The technical report containing the data summary for the Phase 1 DEA Surface Reflectance Validation is available.

ARD sub-products

DEA Surface Reflectance NBAR (Landsat 5 TM) This sub-product produces standardised optical surface reflectance data using robust physical models which correct for variations and inconsistencies in image radiance values. Corrections are performed using Nadir corrected Bi-directional reflectance distribution function Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR).
DEA Surface Reflectance NBART (Landsat 5 TM) This sub-product performs the same function as Surface Reflectance (Landsat 5 TM NBAR), but also applies terrain illumination correction.
DEA Surface Reflectance OA (Landsat 5 TM)

The NBAR and NBART sibling products depend upon the OA product to provide accurate and reliable contextual information about the Landsat data. This ‘data provenance’ provides a chain of information which allows the data to be replicated or utilised by derivative applications. It takes a number of different forms, including satellite, solar and surface geometry and classification attribution labels.

Lineage

This product is derived from the USGS Landsat Collection 1 archive.

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD43A1 Version 6 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function and Albedo (BRDF/Albedo) Model Parameters dataset was provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It was produced daily using 16 days of Terra and Aqua MODIS data at 500 m resolution. See USGS: MCD43A1, NASA: MODIS BRDF / Albedo Parameter, Schaaf et al. (2002)
The ozone data was provided by Environment Canada. See Environment Canada: Global Ozone Maps
The Aerosol Optical Thickness data was provided by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). See Qin et al. (2015)
The Precipitable Water for Entire Atmosphere data was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) / Physical Sciences Division (PSD). See Kalnay et al. (1996)
The baseline Digital Surface Model (DSM) data produced from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was provided by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). See NGA: SRTM, NASA: SRTM
Level 1 Collection 1 data was provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS)’s Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. See USGS: EROS, USGS: Landsat Collection 1

Processing steps

Longitude and Latitude Calculation
Satellite and Solar Geometry Calculation
Aerosol Optical Thickness Retrieval
BRDF Shape Function Retrieval
Ozone Retrieval
Elevation Retrieval and Smoothing
Slope and Aspect Calculation
Incidence and Azimuthal Incident Angles Calculation
Exiting and Azimuthal Exiting Angles Calculation
Relative Slope Calculation
Terrain Occlusion Mask
MODTRAN
Atmospheric Correction Coefficients Calculation
Bilinear Interpolation of Atmospheric Correction Coefficients
Surface Reflectance Calculation (NBAR)
Surface Reflectance Calculation (NBAR + Terrain Illumination Correction)
Function of Mask (Fmask)
Contiguous Spectral Data Mask Calculation

Software

References

Berk, A., Conforti, P., Kennett, R., Perkins, T., Hawes, F., & van den Bosch, J. (2014, June 13). MODTRAN6: A major upgrade of the MODTRAN radiative transfer code (M. Velez-Reyes & F. A. Kruse, Eds.). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2050433

Dymond, J. R., & Shepherd, J. D. (1999). Correction of the topographic effect in remote sensing. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37(5), 2618–2619. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.789656

Hudson, S. R., Warren, S. G., Brandt, R. E., Grenfell, T. C., & Six, D. (2006). Spectral bidirectional reflectance of Antarctic snow: Measurements and parameterization. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(D18), D18106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007290

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., & Gandin, L. et al. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:tnyrp>2.0.co;2

Li, F., Jupp, D. L. B., Reddy, S., Lymburner, L., Mueller, N., Tan, P., & Islam, A. (2010). An evaluation of the use of atmospheric and BRDF correction to standardize Landsat data. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 3(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2042281

Li, F., Jupp, D. L. B., Thankappan, M., Lymburner, L., Mueller, N., Lewis, A., & Held, A. (2012). A physics-based atmospheric and BRDF correction for Landsat data over mountainous terrain. Remote Sensing of Environment, 124, 756–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.018

Qin, Y., Mitchell, R., & Forgan, B. W. (2015). Characterizing the aerosol and surface reflectance over Australia using AATSR. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 53(11), 6163–6182. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2433911

Schaaf, C., Gao, F., Strahler, A., Lucht, W., Li, X., & Tsang, T. et al. (2002). First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 83(1-2), 135-148. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00091-3

SZA. (2011). Retrieved May 2019, from http://sacs.aeronomie.be/info/sza.php

Zhu, Z., Wang, S., & Woodcock, C. (2015). Improvement and expansion of the Fmask algorithm: cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection for Landsats 4–7, 8, and Sentinel 2 images. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 159, 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.12.014

Zhu, Z., & Woodcock, C. E. (2012). Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.028

Quality

Accuracy

For detailed information on accuracy and limitations, refer to the sub-products’ pages:

Quality assurance

For detailed information on quality assurance, refer to the sub-products’ pages:

The technical report containing the data summary for the Phase 1 DEA Surface Reflectance Validation is available.

Specifications

Bands

Bands are distinct layers of data within a product that can be loaded using the Open Data Cube (on the DEA Sandbox or NCI) or DEA’s STAC API. Here are the bands of the product: ga_ls5t_ard_3.

	Aliases	Resolution	No-data	Units	Type	Description
nbart_blue	nbart_band01 blue	30	-999	-	int16	-
nbart_green	nbart_band02 green	30	-999	-	int16	-
nbart_red	nbart_band03 red	30	-999	-	int16	-
nbart_nir	nbart_band04 nir nbart_common_nir	30	-999	-	int16	-
nbart_swir_1	nbart_band05 swir_1 nbart_common_swir_1 swir1	30	-999	-	int16	-
nbart_swir_2	nbart_band07 swir_2 nbart_common_swir_2 swir2	30	-999	-	int16	-
oa_fmask	fmask	30	0	-	uint8	-
oa_nbart_contiguity	nbart_contiguity	30	255	-	uint8	-
oa_azimuthal_exiting	azimuthal_exiting	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_azimuthal_incident	azimuthal_incident	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_combined_terrain_shadow	combined_terrain_shadow	30	255	-	uint8	-
oa_exiting_angle	exiting_angle	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_incident_angle	incident_angle	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_relative_azimuth	relative_azimuth	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_relative_slope	relative_slope	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_satellite_azimuth	satellite_azimuth	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_satellite_view	satellite_view	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_solar_azimuth	solar_azimuth	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_solar_zenith	solar_zenith	30	NaN	-	float32	-
oa_time_delta	time_delta	30	NaN	-	float32	-

For all ‘nbart_’ bands, Surface Reflectance is scaled between 0 and 10,000.

Product information

This metadata provides general information about the product.

Product ID	ga_ls5t_ard_3	Used to load data from the Open Data Cube.
Short name	DEA Surface Reflectance (Landsat 5 TM)	The name that is commonly used to refer to the product.
Technical name	Geoscience Australia Landsat 5 TM Analysis Ready Data Collection 3	The full technical name that refers to the product and its specific provider, sensors, and collection.
Version	3.0.0	The version number of the product. See the History tab.
Lineage type	Baseline	Baseline products are produced directly from satellite data.
Spatial type	Raster	Raster data consists of a grid of pixels.
Spatial resolution	30 m	The size of the pixels in the raster.
Temporal coverage	16 Aug 1986 to 17 Nov 2011	The time span for which data is available.
Update frequency	Daily (Inactive)	Previously, when data updates were active, this was their expected frequency. Also called ‘Temporal resolution’.
Update activity	No further updates	The activity status of data updates.
Catalogue ID	130853	The Data and Publications catalogue (eCat) ID.
Licence	Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence	See the Credits tab.

Product categorisation

This metadata describes how the product relates to other DEA products.

Collection	Geoscience Australia Landsat Collection 3
Tags	geoscience_australia_landsat_collection_3, analysis_ready_data, satellite_images, earth_observation

Access

Access the data

DEA Maps	See it on a map	Learn how to use DEA Maps.
DEA Explorer	Explore data availability	Learn how to use the DEA Explorer.
Data sources	Access the data on AWS Access the data on NCI	Learn how to access the data via AWS.
Code examples	View code examples	Learn how to use the DEA Sandbox.

History

Version history

Versions are numbered using the Semantic Versioning scheme (Major.Minor.Patch). Note that this list may include name changes and predecessor products.

v3.0.0	-	Current version
v2.0.0	of	DEA Surface Reflectance NBAR (Landsat)

FAQs

Frequently asked questions

Credits

Acknowledgments

This research was undertaken with the assistance of resources from the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI), which is supported by the Australian Government.

Landsat level 0 and level 1 data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.

The authors would like to thank the following organisations:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Environment Canada
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL) / Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSD)
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) / Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
Spectral Sciences Inc.

License and copyright

Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.