DEA Fractional Cover (Landsat)
DEA Fractional Cover (Landsat)
Geoscience Australia Landsat Fractional Cover Collection 3
- Version:
Landsat 5/7: 2.5.0, Landsat 8/9: 2.5.1 (Latest)
- Product types:
Derivative, Raster
- Time span:
16 Aug 1986 – Present
- Update frequency:
Daily
- Product ID:
ga_ls_fc_3
About
Digital Earth Australia (DEA) Fractional Cover splits landscape observation data into three parts — or fractions — enabling measurement of green (leaves, grass, and growing crops), brown (branches, dry grass or hay, and dead leaf litter), and bare ground (soil or rock) in any area of Australia at any time since 1986.
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Key details
Parent product(s) |
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Collection |
Geoscience Australia Landsat Collection 3 |
Persistent ID |
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Licence |
Cite this product
Data citation |
Lymburner, L., 2021. Geoscience Australia Landsat Fractional Cover Collection 3. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/145498
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Paper citation |
Scarth, P., Roder, A., Schmidt, M., 2010. Tracking grazing pressure and climate interaction - the role of Landsat fractional cover in time series analysis. Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.94250
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Publications
Scarth, P., Roder, A. and Schmidt, M. (2010). Tracking grazing pressure and climate interaction - the role of Landsat fractional cover in time series analysis. Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.94250
Schmidt, M., Denham, R. and Scarth, P. (2010), Fractional ground cover monitoring of pastures and agricultural areas in Queensland. Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Conference. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236143308_FRACTIONAL_GROUND_COVER_MONITORING_OF_PASTURES_AND_AGRICULTURAL_AREAS_IN_QUEENSLAND
Background
Fractional cover data can be used to identify large scale patterns and trends and inform evidence based decision making and policy on topics including wind and water erosion risk, soil carbon dynamics, land management practices and rangeland condition.
This information is used by policy agencies, natural and agricultural land resource managers, and scientists to monitor land conditions over large areas over long time frames.
What this product offers
Fractional Cover (FC), developed by the Joint Remote Sensing Research Program, is a measurement that splits the landscape into three parts, or fractions:
Green (leaves, grass, and growing crops)
Brown (branches, dry grass or hay, and dead leaf litter)
Bare ground (soil or rock)
Digital Earth Australia (DEA) uses Fractional Cover to characterise every 30 m square of Australia for any point in time from 1986 to today.
Applications
Fractional cover provides valuable information for a range of environmental and agricultural applications, including:
soil erosion monitoring
land surface process modelling
land management practices (e.g. crop rotation, stubble management, rangeland management)
vegetation studies
fuel load estimation
ecosystem modelling
land cover mapping
Technical information
Fractional Cover (FC) provides information about the the proportions of green vegetation, non-green vegetation (including deciduous trees during autumn, dry grass, etc.), and bare soils for every 30m x 30m ground footprint across the whole Australian continent. This information is available for every cloud free satellite observation over Australia from 1986 till now. FC can potentially provide insights into the interplay and changes in areas of dry vegetation and/or bare soil as well as allowing the mapping of green vegetation extent.
The FC algorithm was developed by the Joint Remote Sensing Research Program (JRSRP) and is described in Scarth et al. (2010). It has been implemented by Geoscience Australia for every observation from Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (Landsat 7) and Operational Land Imager (Landsat 8 and 9) acquired since 1986. It is calculated from terrain corrected surface reflectance (DEA Surface Reflectance).
Data layers
The product consists of four data layers:
The fractional cover of green vegetation (PV): Fraction of green cover including green groundcover and green leaf material over all strata, within the Landsat pixel, as percentages
The fractional cover of non-green vegetation (NPV): Fraction of non green cover including litter, dead leaf and branches over all strata, within the Landsat pixel, as percentages
The fractional cover of bare soil (BS): Fraction of bare ground including rock, bare and disturbed soil, within the Landsat pixel as percentages
The fractional cover unmixing error (UE): Eclidean Norm of the Residual Vector
The values for this product are scaled as follows:
For the fractional cover bands (PV, NPV, BS)
0-100 = fractional cover values that range between 0 and 100%
Due to model uncertainties and the limitations of the training data, some areas may show cover values in excess of 100%. These areas can either be excluded or treated as equivalent to 100%
Processing steps
Fractional cover is processed using the Landsat Surface Reflectance archive, and requires green, red, nir, swir1 and swir2 bands. Fractional Cover Code Repository
The fractions are retrieved by inverting multiple linear regression estimates and using synthetic endmembers in a constrained non-negative least squares unmixing model. For more information, see Scarth et al. (2010) and Schmidt et al. (2010), and a brief description of the FC algorithm on the TERN website.
The bare soil, green vegetation and non-green vegetation end members used for fractional cover can be found here, and was last updated on the 9th of June 2017: End members
For the unmixing error (UE) band, the values are scaled between 0 and 127. High unmixing error values represent areas of high model uncertainty (areas of water, cloud, cloud shadow or soil types/colours that were not included in the model training data).
Landsat 8 and 9 OLI have different relative spectral response curves to the Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ sensors. To account for this a spectral band adjustment factor is applied to the Landsat 8 and 9 data to make it more similar to reflectance as measured by Landsat 7. Continuity of Reflectance Data between Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI, for Both Top-of-Atmosphere and Surface Reflectance: A Study in the Australian Landscape refer to Table 2 for coefficients used.
Lineage
While originally calibrated in Queensland, a large collaborative effort between The Department of Agriculture - ABARES and State and Territory governments to collect additional field data has enabled the calibration/validation to extend to the entire Australian continent.
1390 field data sites were used to train the model, and a separate 1565 sites were used to evaluate the model accuracy.
FC was made possible by the collaborative framework established by the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) and collaborative effort between state and Commonwealth governments.
References
Flood, N. (2014). Continuity of reflectance data between Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI, for both top-of-atmosphere and surface reflectance: A study in the Australian landscape. Remote Sensing, 6(9), 7952–7970. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6097952
Muir, J., Schmidt, M., Tindall, D., Trevithick, R., Scarth, P. and Stewart, J.B. (2011). Guidelines for field measurement of fractional ground cover: a technical handbook supporting the Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program. Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management for the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Scarth, P., Roder, A. and Schmidt, M. (2010). Tracking grazing pressure and climate interaction - the role of Landsat fractional cover in time series analysis. Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Conference.
Schmidt, M., Denham, R. and Scarth, P. (2010), Fractional ground cover monitoring of pastures and agricultural areas in Queensland. Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Conference.
Accuracy
To provide an estimate of accuracy the FC algorithm results were compared with 1565 field sites that were not used to train the FC model.
Based on the comparison with this independent field data the FC product has an overall Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 11.9%. The error margins vary for the three different layers:
green RMSE: 11.9%,
non-green RMSE: 17.1%
bare RMSE: 14.6%
The effect of soil moisture may impact the accuracy of the FC product, and the similarity between some bare soil endmembers and non-photosynthetic vegetation endmembers can lead to model instability. Soil types/colours that were not included in the model training data may introduce additional errors. Pixels that show poor model stability are flagged in the model error band as a value of 2, and can be omitted from further analysis if necessary.
FC products have no water masking applied, so erroneous values for green vegetation over the water may appear. These should be ignored and can be masked out by applying the Water Observations (WO) layer.
Occasionally the sum of the three components is not equal to 100%. Differences are usually small and are not rounded in order to preserve what may be useful seasonal indicators.
Landsat 8/9 OLI has different relative spectral response curves to the Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ sensors. To account for this a spectral band adjustment factor is applied to the Landsat 8/9 data to make them more similar to reflectance as measured by Landsat 7. The adjustment factors are described in more detail in Flood (2014).
Whilst the same training data has been used to train both the JRSRP fractional cover product and the DEA fractional cover product, differences in the terrain corrected surface reflectance data that are used as model inputs mean that the two products are not identical. The differences between the two products are typically less than 5% for the bare soil and non-green cover types, and typically less than 10% for green cover.
Quality assurance
The following details are an extract from the information contained at: https://portal.tern.org.au/metadata/22026
The bare soil, green vegetation and non-green vegetation endmembers are calculated using models linked to an intensive field sampling program that covers a wide range of Australian landscapes covering a wide variety of vegetation, soil and climate types were sampled to measure overstorey and ground cover following the procedure outlined in Muir et al (2011).
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Which folder contains the Landsat 5/7 and Landsat 8/9 data on NCI and AWS?
The data for Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 is in the 2-5-0 folder whereas the data for Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 is in the 2-5-1 folder on both NCI and AWS. This is because these two sets of data are produced using different algorithm parameters.
How to view the data in a web map
To view and access the data interactively:
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Changelog
Version: 2.5.0 and 2.5.1
Landsat 9 was incorporated into this product starting in October 2021. Version 2.5.0 includes data from Landsat 5 and Landsat 7, while version 2.5.1 contains data for both Landsat 8 and Landsat 9. The same set of coefficients is applied to the input ARD bands of Landsat 8 and 9 to make their input range comparable to that of Landsat 5 and 7 ARD data.
Acknowledgments
Landsat data is provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) through direct reception of the data at Geoscience Australias satellite reception facility or download.
The fractional cover algorithm was developed by the Joint Remote Sensing Research Program (JRSRP) and is described in Scarth et al. (2010).
While originally calibrated in Queensland, a large collaborative effort between the Department of Agriculture, the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARES) and State and Territory governments to collect additional calibration data has enabled the calibration to extend to the entire Australian continent. Fractional Cover was made possible by new scientific and technical capabilities, the collaborative framework established by the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), and collaborative effort between state and Commonwealth governments.
License and copyright
© Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia).
Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.